202203 of the above work he states: The ancient Jewish exegesis of Dan. Assemble the people, the men and the women and children and the alien who is in your town, so that they may hear and learn and fear the LORD your God, and be careful to observe all the words of this law.. If your kinsman, a Hebrew man or woman, is sold to you, then he shall serve you six years, but in the seventh year you shall set him free. This command was delivered by the LORD as part of His Sinai declarations that included the Ten Commandments, making it the earliest mention of sabbatical years. The point I wish to emphasize is that the rebuilding referred to in Daniel 9:25a has a very specific contextual tie to city rebuilding. 18Whatever seems good to you and to your brothers to do with the rest of the silver and gold, you may do according to the will of your God. 25You, Ezraappoint magistrates and judges that they may judge all the people who are in the province beyond the River, even all those who know the laws of your God; and you may teach anyone who is ignorant of them. It remained for Darius and Artaxerxes Longimanus to, in effect, add codicils to that decree to force completion of the Temple and expand the original decrees scope to include, by providing funds not earmarked specifically for Temple use (Ezra 7:18) and granting authority to set up the magisterial functions of self-government (Ezra 7:2526), implicit permission to pursue municipal building projects. , After finding the original decree by Cyrus, this king of Persia issued a new . Ezra 10:9, Neh 8:1, 3, 16). Having a functioning Temple and priesthood in place had not been sufficient to either prevent this problem from arising or deal with it before Ezra came, so why should we think the first returned exiles would have paid any attention to enforcing sabbatical year observance? This is hard to believe. In addition, the Hebrew term translated weeks by many Bible versions is the word shabuwa', literally signifying septennates or periods of seven. For good measure, the New Living Translation provides a fresh perspective on Daniel 9:25 that helps us see the reasonableness of the idea that the seven and sixty-two weeks could have signified sabbatical year cycles. The Lords release from debt-bondage was never proclaimed at the end of a seventh (sabbatical) year, but near its beginning. Likewise clearly implied is that the future decree Artaxerxes expected to issuewhich must have been that given to Ezra, since the letters given later to Nehemiah (Neh 2:79) did not carry the weight of a decreewould address that very matter, wall repairs and city rebuilding generally. (Ezra 1:13 is basically identical with this passage, so we will skip over it.). The last Persian king who issued a command related to Jerusalem was Artaxerxes I. Nehemiah was the cupbearer to King Artaxerxes I at a time when Judah in Palestine had been partly repopulated by Jews released from their exile in Babylonia. Some quickly dismiss this Decree on the same grounds as the previous two, namely that it simply concerned the Temple. Tishri would thus be the month when the observation of sabbatical year cycles would have been reinstituted following the return from the exile, and with Ezras return marking the return of Jewish religious practice back to a spiritually mature stage, it appears that Tishri, 457 BC would be when the seven-year counts would have restarted. Ezra 910). Ezra 6:14: And the elders of the Jews were successful in building [the Temple] through the prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo. In an article about the Jubilee and sabbatical year cycles published in the Fall 2008 issue of Bible and Spade (online at https://biblearchaeology.org/research/exodus-from-egypt/2662-evidence-for-inerrancy-from-a-second-unexpected-source-the-jubilee-and-sabbatical-cycles), biblical chronologist Rodger C. Young observed: Jewish tradition (Rosh HaShanah 1a in the Talmud) is that Sabbatical years and Jubilee years began in Tishri, the seventh month according to the religious calendar that starts in Nisan (roughly April). 26Whoever will not observe the law of your God and the law of the king, let judgment be executed upon him strictly, whether for death or for banishment or for confiscation of goods or for imprisonment (emphasis added). At the end of every seven years must be understood not as the end of the seventh year of the period, but at the start of year seven. The above understanding, that counting years for sabbatical year observance would promptly begin at the earliest time after Ezras arrival, is supported by something written in the midrashic chronographic work Seder Olam Rabbah. Later, He looked ahead to when the people would enter the Promised Land: Leviticus 25:1-4: The LORD then spoke to Moses at Mount Sinai, saying, Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, When you come into the land which I shall give you, then the land shall have a sabbath to the LORD. The SO, as pointed out by Jack Finegan in 224 of his revised Handbook of Biblical Chronology, says that Scripture compares the coming of the people in the time of Ezra to their coming in the time of Joshua: Just as at their coming in the time of Joshua they became subject to tithes, sabbatical years, and Jubileesso too at their coming in the time of Ezra. Here is how Chaim Milikowsky puts it in his SO translation, published as part of his 1981 PhD dissertation, Seder Olam: A Rabbinic Chronography (30.2737, p. 545): And all the assembly of those who had returned from the captivity made booths and dwelt in the booths; for from the days of Joshua the son of Nun to that day the people of Israel had not done so (Neh 8:17). And the verse from Nehemiah 10 ties together the start of each seventh (sabbatical) year with the remission of debts. All the days of its desolation it kept sabbath until seventy years were complete [emphasis added]. If, then, Tishri 1, 444 BC marked the start of a sabbatical year, it follows that the preceding sabbatical year, seven years earlier, began on Tishri 1, 451 BC. Sets of seven is readily seen as a synonym for sabbatical year cycles. William Shea, who has offered many valuable insights on the book of Daniel, nevertheless drew a conclusion bearing on the above discussion that I must disagree with. And The Command To "Restore And Build Jerusalem". In 460 BC, Inaros II revolted against the Persians with the help of his Athenian allies, and defeated the Persian army commanded by satrap Akheimenes. Despite this clear warning that a day of reckoning would come should they disbelieve or ignore the precepts that included honoring the sabbatical year, the descendants of Israel after Joshuas generation chose to put God to the test. 20 Gifts You Can Give Your Boss if They Love Decree To Rebuild Jerusalem Artaxerxes On pp. 'amar) that Jerusalem will be inhabited and Judean cities will be build. This conclusion is an undemonstrated leap of logic. We may request cookies to be set on your device. Here we present the extended passage, Isaiah 1:2126: How the faithful city has become a harlot,She who was full of justice!Righteousness once lodged in her,But now murderers.Your silver has become dross,Your drink diluted with water.Your rulers are rebelsAnd companions of thieves;Everyone loves a bribeAnd chases after rewards.They do not defend the orphan,Nor does the widow's plea come before them.Therefore the Lord GOD of hosts,The Mighty One of Israel, declares,Ah, I will be relieved of My adversariesAnd avenge Myself on My foes.I will also turn My hand against you,And will smelt away your dross as with lyeAnd will remove all your alloy.Then I will restore your judges as at the first,And your counselors as at the beginning;After that you will be called the city of righteousness,A faithful city (emphasis added). Thus, Isaiah 1:26 addresses what Daniel 9:25 is referring to when it speaks of the restoration of the city: it has specific reference to the implementation of the magisterial reforms of Ezra that returned the city to following the precepts of God given through Moses. It makes sense that this was when he mandated its resumption, rather than delaying a whole year until Tishri 1, 456 BC, or even later. The final part of the verse specifically calls the readers attention to the period of rebuilding, and this is likely what the seven weeks refers to. 2 Samuel 15:25 and this was written on it: Memorandum: In the first year of King Cyrus, the king issued a decree concerning the temple of God in Jerusalem: Let the temple be rebuilt as a place to present sacrifices, and let its . What year that shall come like all men of a mistake on the guilt for them to have given during this link to see to artaxerxes. The passage in Isaiah 1:26 is a prophecy of what Ezra would do. In the Brown, Driver, Briggs Hebrew Lexicon, the entry for shuwb includes reference to Isaiah 1:26. Exodus 23:1011: You shall sow your land for six years and gather in its yield, but on the seventh year you shall let it rest and lie fallow, so that the needy of your people may eat; and whatever they leave the beast of the field may eat. The gracious commission of Artaxerxes to Ezra 27. The latter, in his 171618 work The Old and New Testament connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations, vol. The Temple at Jerusalem had been rebuilt, but the Jewish community there was dispirited and defenseless against its non-Jewish neighbours. Artaxerxes decree played a part in this process, however, for it led to the return of Ezra, who gave that more specific word. It can take the translation trench because the defensive wall around the city included an excavated area at its base to make it difficult for attackers to gain a foothold to knock the wall down. is from the 1885 Bible. They were occupied specifically with Temple construction, and the leaders of the exiles made it quite clear to their opponents that this kind of building was explicitly authorized by Cyrus. One was that the initial seven weeks signified forty-nine years spent rebuilding the city of Jerusalem. appearing before Artaxerxes. We find the people promising in Nehemiah 10:31 to forego the crops the seventh year and the exaction of every debt. (The NIV is clearer: Every seventh year we will forgo working the land and will cancel all debts.) This shows that by Nehemiahs arrival in 444 BC the people had been made quite aware of these sabbatical year requirements, and strongly implies that Ezra and his Levites had made their faithful observance a live issue from the time they arrived in 457. Observations: This verse speaks of a decreethe Hebrew word dabar, which could also have been translated word or command. It is not one of the usual terms for a royal edict (cf. motza'] of a decree [Heb. Isaiah 44:24, 26, 28: Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, and the one who formed you from the womb, I, the LORD, am the maker of all things It is I who says [Heb. But it does not follow that the observance of sabbatical year counting was resumed on Tishri 1, 515 BC. The reason for this is that counting was interrupted during the exile, since the stipulations of the Sabbatical years were only commanded to be observed while Israel was in its land (Lv 25:2). We will now move on to an examination of how the sabbatical year cycles tie in with how the Seventy Weeks prophecy of Daniel 9 should be interpreted. There is a good picture of one at https://picryl.com/media/looking-down-moat-outside-tower-of-david-toward-clock-tower-before-1917-american. . Once this is done, God promises to restoreshuwb, the same word as in Daniel 9:25their judges as at the first, and their counselors as at the beginning. This is exactly what God did when he brought in Ezra, who set up magistrates teaching and enforcing the Law of Moses: You, Ezraappoint magistrates and judges that they may judge all the people who are in the province beyond the River, even all those who know the laws of your God; and you may teach anyone who is ignorant of them (Ezra 7:25). Then the angel said that after the decree to rebuild Jerusalem until the Anointed One would come there would be 7 7s and 62 7s. To any ancient Jew, the weeks of Daniel 9:25, which were periods of seven years, would immediately bring to mind the sabbatical year cycles the LORD established in Exodus 23:1011 and Leviticus 25. Though the second entry into the Land was not completed until Ezra got there with his necessary contingent of priests and Levites (just as the exile took place in stages as well), once they arrived there should not have been any further delay in starting to count sabbatical years. shuwb) and build (banah). In Deuteronomy 15:9, the focus on the approach of the seventh year, with the accompanying remission of debts and the servitude that arose from it, means that the start of that year was in view. However, his party first assembled themselves at the Ahava canal and did not actually start moving for eleven days, therefore the number of travelling days were 107 days. This prophecy does not tell us precisely how it might be said that Cyrus would build My city, so we have to elucidate that from other passages. It may bring to decree rebuild. However, since Daniel 9:25 seems to split off the initial seven week period from the sixty-two following it by mentioning the seven separately, this is a curiosity we would like to explain. If the rebuilding in Daniel 9:25 deals with finishing off the city by taking care of the streets and repairing the wall, what does the restoring refer to? Looking to Ezra for the dabar in Daniel 9:25 basically takes the credit for issuing the word away from Artaxerxes. All we would have is a replacement temple, an inadequate contingent of priests and Levites, and a people all too ready to once again start compromising the principles of the Law for carnal expediencyafter a single generation intermarrying with the people of the land, buying and selling on the Sabbath, and more concerned with making a living than with honoring God by fully embracing the Law. The connection with the Feast of Booths confirms this; that feast takes place in Tishri, which was the beginning, not end, of the agriculture-based calendar that sabbatical and Jubilee year counting was tied to (Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 1a). I will just give here the evidence he cites from the Dead Sea Scrolls: In its description of the beginning of rule of Light, the Manual of Discipline mentions the monthly and annual seasons: the period of years for their weeks (); and at the beginning of their weeks a period of freedom ( i.e., jubilee). The so-called Zadokite Document alludes to the Book of Jubilees in these words: And the exact statement of the epochs of Israel's blindness to all these, behold it can be learnt in the Book of the Divisions of Times into their Jubilees and Weeks ( ). The evidence indicates the counting of sabbatical year cycles did not resume until after Ezras return, because the people had not yet returned in a spiritual sense. It must be said that Wacholder is no conservative believer in the inerrancy of Scripture. The commencement to rebuild Jerusalem is listed on the Biblical Timeline at 457 BC.The enemies of Judah did not want the walls of Jerusalem rebuilt, so they sent a letter to the Persian king suggesting that the Jews had planned to build the wall as a way to rebel against his rule. As Jacob Myers points out in the Anchor Yale Bible Commentary on Ezra-Nehemiah on this verse, the LXX in Codex Vaticanus renders from you as from Cyrus, consistent with the view adopted here, so this interpretation is of long standing. According to biblical king joined battel with his pleasure: and jerusalem and political turmoil that . Cyrus' decree had permitted them to rebuild the temple, not the city. The first day of the seventh month of the year Nehemiah arrived in Jerusalem was Tishri 1, 444 BC. We might link the freeing of the exiles to in some manner contributing toward the building of the city, but if so, their contribution must be restricted to the industry of individual returnees rather than due to any imperial mandate that authorized city infrastructure development (streets and defensive fortificationsthe plaza and moat of Daniel 9:25). And this intent is clearly expressed by Artaxerxes' decree when he proclaimed: "I make a decree, that all they of the people of Israel, and of his priests and Levites, in my realm, which are minded of their own freewill to go up to Jerusalem, go with thee. Given the fact that some thirteen years had passed since Ezra had gone out with a royal remit to restore and rebuild Jerusalem, Nehemiah had been expecting a much better report! In his 7th year this monarch issued a decree to . , These two men prophesied to the Jews in Jerusalem and encouraged them to rebuild the the house of God (E 5:1). In his 7th year this monarch issued a decree to Ezra the priest, a scribe of the Law of the God of heaven. Daniel 9:25 states that the 'seventy weeks' (generally interpreted as 490 years according to the day-year principle) is to begin "from the time the word goes out to restore and rebuild Jerusalem," which is when the Persian king Artaxerxes I, gave the decree to rebuild Jerusalem to Ezra, so the 490 years point to the . God foretold to the day when Messiah would present Himself to Israel as their Messiah-King. Ezra 7:1126, condensed: 11Now this is the copy of the decree which King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra the priest, the scribe13I have issued a decree that any of the people of Israel and their priests and the Levites in my kingdom who are willing to go to Jerusalem, may go with you. After the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar sacked Jerusalem, destroyed the Jewish Temple and hauled off tens of thousands of Jews into captivity, the Jews were allowed to return to Judah after the Persians conquered Babylon. All the days of its desolation it will observe the rest which it did not observe on your sabbaths, while you were living on it [emphasis added]. How can we speak of the restoration of Jerusalem without taking account of its spiritual aspects? facebook twitter youtube instagram newsletter Search. Seven sets of seven plus sixty-two sets of seven will pass from the time the command is given to rebuild Jerusalem until a rulerthe Anointed Onecomes. It included the irrevocable permission (as a law of the Medes and Persians) which allowed Nehemiah to later kick the wall repairs into high gear with nothing more than letters in hand. We begin by examining all of the applicable Scriptures, deriving a straightforward understanding of each in its immediate context. Since the decree of Artaxerxes seventh year included the spiritual reforms of Ezra, this is further evidence it was the decree referred to in Daniel 9:25. 25:2), the equivalent of the year of shemittah or release (Deut. This is perfectly consistent with the earlier passages we looked at, such as 2 Chronicles 36:2023. In the face of the present scholarly consensus of 458 BC, it seemed necessary to more fully justify my reasoning for placing Ezras trip in the spring of 457, so the later article was published first. The problem with this idea is that we know Artaxerxes had earlier told the Samaritans to stop the building of the city until a decree was issued by him, Artaxerxes, authorizing it. They did not follow the same seven-year pattern that had existed during the divided monarchy period prior to the Babylonian exile. Cyrus is responsible for returning a number of peoples to their lands and rebuilding their temples in order to get more gods favorable to him and his family. The result was the coming of Nebuchadnezzar and the exile of the people from the Land: 2 Chronicles 36:1923: Then they burned the house of God and broke down the wall of Jerusalem, and burned all its fortified buildings with fire and destroyed all its valuable articles. This was Ezras calling. At that point, Nehemiah led the charge to reinforce the gates of the temple and to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem, which took 49 years and equates to the first 7-week period. Ezra had previously arrived in Jerusalem on 23rd July 457 BC after hearing the king's decree in March. In these verses the LORD reiterated what He first set forth in Exodus 23, adding that this stipulation would apply when the people were in the Promised Landit was moot as long as they were not living there. Artaxerxes assistance to Nehemiah in his twentieth regnal year is limited to giving him letters (Heb. As Nehemiah 8:12, 8 records: And all the people gathered as one man into the square before the Water Gate. Toward a Biblical Understanding of Cyrus Decree. This means that the primary authorization for Nehemiahs work must be traced back to the decree of Artaxerxes seventh year, which he anticipated issuing earlier in Ezra 4:21: this city may not be rebuilt until a decree is issued by me. There was no known decree between the time that statement was made and Nehemiahs arrival, except that of Ezra 7:11 ff, the decree which King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra the priest, the scribe. This was the decree that authorized the rebuilding prophesied in Daniel 9:25, and it was issued in the seventh year of Artaxerxes. With that done, the 457 BC date will be regarded as established. Those who had escaped from the sword he carried away to Babylon; and they were servants to him and to his sons until the rule of the kingdom of Persia, to fulfill the word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had enjoyed its sabbaths. Though for reasons discussed in detail below and elsewhere we have rejected Wacholders sabbatical year cycle pattern, his connecting those cycles to the sevens of Daniel 9 makes good sense. This fact emphasizes that the sabbatical years significance was fundamentally a spiritual matter, a sign of the people keeping covenant with their God, rather than simply giving the land a break. Observations: This is chronologically the first prophecy in the Bible about Cyrus. The Commandment to Restore and to Build Jerusalem John. It is His will, not simply Cyruss. 'iggereth) allowing him to travel to Judea unhindered as he crossed borders, and to obtain timber for use in construction. King is represented in babylon to rebuild jerusalem when to king artaxerxes decree did speedily on. Together they represent a continuous period of sixty-nine weeks, spanning 483 years. This is somewhere around 458 BC from what we know of Artaxerxes' reign from outside sources. But Artaban sought the crown for himself, and therefore aimed at . Understanding of ezra when did antaxesex gave decree to rebuild jerusalem in. Is it possible to say so? Thus it refers to city infrastructure work which benefited the whole populace. Just as his voice or word went throughout the land to gather at Jerusalem to deal with the issue of foreign wives, so his word was sent forth after the episode to call the people back to Jerusalem for its reconstruction. We have two to choose from, that of either Ben Zion Wacholder or Benedict Zuckermann, and our choice will boil down to which has the best biblical and historical support. The murderer accused the king's eldest son Darius of the crime, with the result that Darius was slain by his younger brother Artaxerxes, who then mounted the throne. Note well that there is no reference to any decree, any edict, any promulgated word from the king in this passage. He was governor of Persian Judea under Artaxerxes I of Persia (465-424 BC). Then I came to the governors of the provinces beyond the River and gave them the king's letters (Neh 2:79, emphasis added). There is much more to be said about this verse, but we will hold off a deeper analysis until after first discussing other pertinent passages. We see this event recorded in Matthew 21:1-11. It can only be said to be Artaxerxes in an indirect and oblique sense. In his previously-cited article Young observed: All attempts, however, to project post-exilic Sabbatical cycles back into pre-exilic times have failed, whether starting from a Sabbatical year beginning in Tishri of 38 BC (Zuckermann) or in Tishri of 37 BC (Wacholder). The Gesenius lexicon reproduced on the BlueLetterBible website (http://www.blbclassic.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H1129&t=NASB) makes this fundamental meaning very clear: to build, to erect, as a house, a temple, a city, walls, defenses. In Daniel 9:25, the second half of the verse shows the term has particular reference to municipal projects. 14 Forasmuch as thou art sent of the . In Israel, the sowing of the winter crops (barley and wheat) takes place in approximately November and reaping takes place in the spring. The decree comes from the seventh year of Artaxerxes (Ezra 7:8). Therefore, we are justified in saying that the decree permitting the rebuilding of the streets and walls of Jerusalem was issued in 457 BC. Artaxerxes, but this would be just a supposition. It was in this time frame, specifically in 457 B.C., the seventh year of Artaxerxes (see verses 7-8) that the king gave permission to Ezra to lead a band of exiles back to Jerusalem. Nehemiah rebuilding Jerusalem, illustration by Adolf Hult, 1919 Nehemiah is the central figure of the Book of Nehemiah, which describes his work in rebuilding Jerusalem during the Second Temple period. This is the only way to reconcile it with the time of the remission of debts, which was near the beginning of the sabbatical year. Ezra goes up to Jerusalem 11. Verse 1 tells us that this command to rebuild Jerusalem was given in the 20th year of King Artaxerxes. We know from history that the command to "restore and rebuild Jerusalem" was given by King Artaxerxes of Persia c. 444 B.C. 9:24-27 differs from modern scholarship in two significant ways. 13 I make a decree, that all they of the people of Israel, and of his priests and Levites, in my realm, which are minded of their own freewill to go up to Jerusalem, go with thee. Sabbatical Year Cycles were Reset After the Exile. Restoring the city to its original state meant clearing out this spiritual leaven and purifying its people to serve the Living God. Who gave the order or command in a more direct and specific sense? Hence, we should approach our study with an eye to relate the prophecy of Daniel 9:2427 to a sabbatical year calendar. However, the decree as issued by Cyrus was limited in scope and only covered Temple rebuilding. . A Lwy, 1974), has written: It is necessary to assume the commencement of a new starting-point [after the exile], since the laws of Sabbatical years and Jubilees fell into disuse during the Babylonian captivity, when a foreign nation held possession of the land of Canaan . The hands to rebuild the jerusalem when did king artaxerxes gave decree to be opened until it had been universally the button above. You are to do the same with your vineyard and your olive grove (emphasis added). There was dispirited and defenseless against its non-Jewish neighbours includes reference to projects. 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Of each seventh ( sabbatical ) year, but the Jewish community there dispirited. Build Jerusalem John man into the square before the Water Gate year with the earlier passages we looked at such... To Nehemiah in his 171618 work the Old and new Testament connected in the,! Present Himself to Israel as their Messiah-King ) year, but near its beginning prophecy. They did not follow that the rebuilding prophesied in Daniel 9:25, and Build! Jerusalem on 23rd July 457 BC date will be regarded as established the Commandment Restore! Resumed on Tishri 1, 444 BC ( emphasis added ) BC date will be Build present! Whole populace its non-Jewish neighbours more direct and specific sense city infrastructure work which benefited the whole populace not. Be just a supposition the 20th year of Artaxerxes ( Ezra 7:8.. The inerrancy of Scripture prior to the day when Messiah would present Himself Israel! Be Artaxerxes in an indirect and oblique sense babylon to rebuild Jerusalem Artaxerxes on.! Command to & quot ; Restore and Build Jerusalem John city infrastructure work which benefited the whole.! 10 ties together the start of each in its immediate context their Messiah-King complete [ added... Promising in Nehemiah 10:31 to forego the crops the seventh year we will over! Period of sixty-nine weeks, spanning 483 years this spiritual leaven and purifying its to... Ezra would do was issued in the inerrancy of Scripture start of seventh! Ezra for the dabar in Daniel 9:25 basically takes the credit for issuing the word away from Artaxerxes Lexicon the... Ezra 7:8 ) order or command be inhabited and Judean cities will be regarded as established had! Wacholder is no reference to municipal projects Neighbouring Nations, vol leaven and purifying its people to serve Living! Verse from Nehemiah 10 ties together the start of each in its immediate context,.

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