Much of the debris flow material was deposited before the slide reached the valley bottom, but the frontal part of the slide began increasingly to incorporate loess material and to accelerate. [2], The total distance travelled by the flowslide is 7.4 km. The rockslide was initiated by failure of part of the western flank of Chokrak Mountain. This was a Mw=7.4 event on 10th July 1949 in the Tien Shan mountains of what is now Tajikistan, but was then the Soviet Union. Causes of landslides include earthquakes, deforestation, and erosion. The geology, historical seismicity, progressive disintegration of the rock mass, development of smectite layers and the continuous development and movement of shears within the Philippine Fault Zone combine in the steep rugged terrain to produce massive landslides, of which the 15 million m3 Guinsaugon event was the latest. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ).. Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths) 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths) Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)) Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths) What are the natural causes of landslides? Management and Analitical Center at Committee of ES&CD Tajikistan, Azimov Alimardon Shoirmardonovich, Director of FAZO Institute of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan and Shahbozov Shahboz Amzalievich, chief engineer of FAZO Institute, Research Center of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan, Farshed Karimov Deputy Director of the Institute of Geology, Seismology and Earthquake Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, the staff workers of WHO, UN IOM, Imomberdi Berdor, Program Officer of Focus Humanitarian Assistance in Tajikistan, Jumaeva Svetlana, Executive Director of the Center for climate change and disaster reduction, Doctor Mohammad Daim Kakhar, General Director of the Afghan National Office of Disaster Management, Aidan OLeary, Head of UN OCHA Afghanistan, Doctor Emlyn Hagen of NATO 3C Agency, Stefano Disperati, Chief Information Officer of iMMAP in Afghanistan, Nur Mohammad Kashani, Chief Program Officer of FOCUS Humanitarian Assistance in Afghanistan. United States, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), Estimating the costs of landslide damage in the United States. A landslide near Cusco, Peru, in 2018. Heavy rainfall affecting southern Ecuador, particularly the province of Azuay, over the past 48 hours caused numerous landslides resulting in casualties and damage. What hazards may happen in the event of earthquake landslide and volcanic eruption? In general, goals and objectives of surveys were received well by our partners. A major landslide in 2011 cost between $13 and $15 million in repairs from damage to Utah State Highway 14 (estimated by the Utah Department of Transportation). Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide, blasting rock debris northward. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Civil Engineering PowerPoint Presentations, 10. A relentless downpour with stubborn heavy rain on the slopes of Sierra de Avila in the state of Vargas in Venezuela laid the foundation for thousands of fatal landslides around December 15, 1999, that went down in history as the deadliest. On the Tajik side, the highest extent of natural hazard is observed in Dogiston, Yel and Shurobod (mountains) Jamoats and across a number of Jamoats of Hamadoni and Farkhor districts, at Pyandj and Kyzylsu River floodplain (plains), while on the Afghan side, at south-eastern part of Chahi-Ab administrative district (Takhor province, mountains), Pyandj River floodplain, lower reaches of Djilgai-Jangikala and Kunduz Rivers and Kochka River mouth (plains of Kunduz and Takhar provinces). A recent estimate of the total annual cost of landslide damage is in excess of $1 billion {Schuster, 1978}. Privacy Policy, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Estimating the costs of landslide damage in the United States. On August 5, 1933, a strong earthquake triggered a massive landslide in Diexi, Mao County, Szechwan, China. What has been the 10 worst landslide disasters in history? A more recent study, based on the size of affected settlements and the likely population density, gave an estimate of 7,200 of which about 800 were caused by the Khait landslide and 4,000 by the Yasman valley flowslide. The dams function was to retain the glacial meltwaters of Lake Palcacocha helping to prevent against melting of the lakes glaciers. The following project staff has been involved in project activities: Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Ms. Olga Krutkina (field work, map development and report-writing), National Project Consultant, Mr. Mirzo Saidov, Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (field work, map development and report-writing), National Project Consultant, Mr. Akmal Akhmedov (field work, map development and report-writing), Phd of Geographic Sciences, Mr. Kirill Pshenichny (map development), Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Mr. Vladislav Minaev (map development), Mr. Alexander Dudnik (map marking) and Mr. Bunyod Sabzaliev (project logistics and general coordination). The American Geosciences Institute represents and serves the geoscience community by providing collaborative leadership and information to connect Earth, science, and people. "Beginning from 2011, UNDP has been implementing Tajik-Afghan Poverty Reduction Initiative (TAPRI), financed by the Government of Japan and aimed at addressing cross-border issues in the south of Tajikistan and the north of Afghanistan. 383-408 December (SCI journal published by Springer). The basis and starting point of cost estimation in this methodology is a landslide database, e.g., the one maintained by our working group (cf. The 1978 Tabas earthquake occurred on September 16 at 19:05:55 local time in central Iran. The second, less common outside of geology, refers to areas that have a history of landslides. The debris that traveled a shocking 10.2 miles, carrying 50-100 million cubic meters of mud, ice, and rocks came crumbling down the slope classifying this event as a landslide and avalanche. Copyright 2023. A pyroclastic flow from the crater of the volcano had melted the glaciers in the mountain and sent deadly lahars, saturated with mud, ice, snow, and volcanic debris, rushing down the mountain at killer speeds towards the residential areas directly below it. The landslide exposed the dacite magma in St. Helens neck to much lower pressure, causing the gas-charged, partially molten rock and high-pressure steam above it to explode a few seconds after the landslide started. Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths), 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths), Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)), Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths). An article in press in the journal Engineering Geology, by Steve Evans and colleagues (Evans et al. Social agitators claim that many people lost their lives mainly because the area did not have strict rules on the construction of homes, which allowed people to build homes on unstable ground. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; the local modern spelling is Hoit ( Tajik: ). As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. Erosion and undercutting of slopes by streams, rivers, glaciers, or waves increase slope angles and decrease slope stability. Almost all of the villages that were mentioned were either destroyed, or almost completely destroyed. The improper development at the hillsides in these regions and also the lack of construction laws led to the cramped, possibly overpopulated settling in the risky hilly regions. The 2005 NiasSimeulue earthquake occurred on 28 March off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Javascript must be enabled to use all features of this site and to avoid misfunctions, The first FREE portal which is able to compare COVID-19 Virus stats, bombs, buildings, helicopters, airplanes, cities, countries, continents and planets in an userfriendly interface. For that reason, work to re-examine past seismically-driven events is very welcome, helping us to get a much better understanding of the range of processes and impacts in these events. Landslide attacks can damage enemies across the Rift Plane. The statistic shows the economic damage caused by mudslides in the period from 1900 to 2016*. "The Tragedy of Khait: A Natural Disaster in Tajikistan", 10.1659/0276-4741(2000)021[0091:TTOKAN]2.0.CO;2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khait_landslide&oldid=1140272511, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 09:01. The massive landslides were triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake killing thousands of innocent people. A recent estimate of the total annual cost of landslide damage is in excess of $1 billion {Schuster, 1978}. The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Haiyuan Landslides, China, 1920 - 200,000 deaths, Vargas Tragedy, Venezuela, 1999 - 30,000 deaths, Khait Landslides, Tajikistan, 1949 - 28,000 deaths, Armero Tragedy, Colombia, 1985 - 20,000 to 23,000 deaths, Yungay Landslide, Peru, 1970 - 22,000 deaths, Diexi Landslides, China, 1933 - 9,300 deaths, North India Landslides, India, 2013 - 5,700 to 6,054 deaths, Huaraz Debris Flow, Peru, 1941 - 5,000 deaths, Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 - 4,500 deaths, Vajont Dam Landslide, Italy, 1963 - 2,500 deaths, Kelud Lahars Landslide, Indonesia, 1919 - 200 deaths. The river is known to have begun cutting the valley through the glacial sediments roughly 12,000 years ago, suggesting an average recurrence rate of about 500 years based on the 25 landslides. Haiyuan lost more than half its population and so did its neighbors Gansu and Shaanxi while Xiji County was buried by one of the landslides. Land use changes. A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and an expression of grief was later erected at the site. By looking at contempory reports of the population of the Khait area and census data on settlement size and population density they reject earlier estimates of the loss of life. Seismicity represents a key regional factor determining a broad extent of hazard in the target area. Although there are a massive number of recorded landslides throughout the years, listed below are a few of the deadliest landslides that claimed many lives. The 1949 Khait (Hoit) earthquake occurred at 0945 local time (0353 UTC) on 10 July in the Gharm Oblast region of Tajikistan. The exact number of lives lost to the landslides or the earthquake is not very clear but the horrific event that happened during the Chinese Civil War took at least 200,000 lives which makes it one of the worst disasters by death toll in China. Remarkably it travelled over a slope with an angle of just two degrees! The rainfall triggered a series of large and small flash floods and debris flows that claimed around 30,000 lives in the region. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Some reports, such as the Wikipedia article on this landslide, have suggested a death toll as high as 28,000 people, although to be fair this may well be something of a misinterpretation of the original source. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. What causes them? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". When newly built in 1963, the Vajont Dam in Italy was the tallest in the world but building the dam proved fatal as it activated strong seismic activity. 70 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Yungay, Peru, May 1970 (22,000 deaths), 3. Although heavy rainfall affected other states like Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh almost 90% of the fatalities were associated with Uttarakhand. The flow broadened as it reached the main Obi-Kabud River valley, sweeping through part of Khait, crossing the river, before climbing a 25 m high terrace on the river's western bank and continuing a further 700 m, overwhelming the village of Khisorak. [1] It is also unclear whether these figures refer to all those killed as a result of the earthquake, or only those caused by the Khait landslide. Press in the target area floods and debris flows that claimed around 30,000 lives in the ``. 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