On average, out of that massive flood, only one neutrino will "hit" an atom in your body every few years. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It explains that during certain supernovae, the collapse of a stellar core into a neutron star, 10 57 neutrinos can be released (one for every proton in the star that collapses to become a neutron). According to ballistics lab Close Focus Research, this is almost exactly how high a .22 Long Rifle bullet will fly if fired directly upward. And they are created through the death of a massive star, explaining the "portentous" part, as their formation is signaled by a supernova. [1]Less often if you're a child, since you have fewer atoms to be hit. 162.158.158.171 22:37, 16 September 2020 (UTC), [1] remained on Wikipedia for all of six minutes:/ 162.158.62.149 23:40, 16 September 2020 (UTC), Ten minutes, surely? His stick-figure drawings about science, technology, language, and love have an enormous, dedicated following, as do his deeply researched answers to his fans' strangest questions. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. How do I minimise waste on a flight? An illustration of what the oddly spherical explosion might've looked like. Neutron stars are incredibly dense objects about 10 miles (16 km) across. Your pendulum clock would now be ahead by five days. On the other hand, since you'd be heavierand the mountain would be tallerclimbing would be more work. Even after a day, the extra 5.4 kilometers would be handled easily by virtually all structures. It's hard to suck in air against the weight of the water, which is why snorkels can only work when your lungs are near the surface. Thank goodness xkcd creator Randall Munroe is here to help. 162.158.158.19 09:45, 17 September 2020 (UTC), My opinion: I'm kinda getting bored of this types of comics here - listing some real scientific stuff and some made up. More massive stars explode as supernovas, while their cores collapse into neutron stars: ultra-dense, fast-spinning spheres made of the same ingredients as the nucleus of an atom. Where are the best places to see the 2023 and 2024 solar eclipses? How do I get rid of whiteheads on my nose naturally? Inbox, #3, Weird (and Worrying) Questions from the What If? Red giant: 3-2000 R; 0.3-50 M, 2500-4000 K, 0.3-650000 L. what if? Inbox, #1, Weird (and Worrying) Questions from the What If? Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, Absurd Scientific Advice for Common Real-World Problems, More Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions. Far-Traveling Objects March 4, 2014. See table below. Inbox, #8, Weird (and Worrying) Questions from the What If? Order here! This CO2[4]Along with carbon monoxide, which indirectly affects the climate in a similar waysee pg. For most of them, the limiting factor isn't weight, but wind. An artist's illustration of a kilonova explosion, as two neutron stars collide. A chunk of ice from space that falls to Earth gains enough energy to warm the ice up, melt it, boil it into vapor, and then heat the vapor to thousands of degrees. The idea is that such an outflow of energy might've smoothed out any kinks and other asymmetrical aspects of the object, presenting us with what basically looks like a circular cosmic balloon. Gamma And Neutrino Radiation Dose From Gamma Ray Bursts And Nearby Supernovae. The life of super-Earths: how the hunt for alien worlds and artificial cells will revolutionize life on our planet. Stretching a 40,000-kilometer line an extra 6.28 meters is pretty negligible. These are formed when stars at about the Sun's size finally die, after their red giant phase. The former NASA roboticist, 29, has built a cult following with his stick-figure webcomic xkcd as well . It would instantly expand to about 5 miles in diameter. Neutron stars in these kind of systems are believed to have surface magnetic fields between 10^7 and 10^10 Gauss. The first season is the fifth installment of Phase Four of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Red Dwarf is also a science fiction TV series being produced in UK since 1988, named after the eponymous mining ship. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. (Stars with higher masses will continue to collapse into stellar-mass black holes.). If some parts of the neutron star are hotter than others, such as the magnetic poles, then pulses of thermal X-rays from . Res. Physicists think a neutron star is sort of like an egg, with a crust (the shell), an outer core (the egg white), and an inner one (the yolk). A paper by radiation expert Andrew Karam provides an answer. In the other scenario, we'd be ok for a little while longer. The idea of neutrino radiation damage reinforces just how big supernovae are. In fact, neutrinos are so shadowy that the entire Earth is transparent to them; nearly all of the Sun's neutrino flood goes straight through it unaffected. Health Physics 82, no. Article title. :) NiceGuy1 (talk) 03:54, 26 September 2021 (UTC), Let me know what you think. A larger planet would allow for more geologic activity, which is why some scientists think that exoplanets slightly larger than Earth ("super-Earths") could be more friendly to life than Earth-sized ones. A real thing, though not a true star, but a remnant of one. "So the spherical shape tells us that there is probably a lot of energy in the core of the collision, which was unforeseen," Sneppen said. In fact, it's honestly sort of impressive to find a solution that would actively make the problem worse in so many different ways. Inbox, #7, Weird (and Worrying) Questions from the What If? At this point, astronauts on the ISS would start getting worried. A supernova radiates 10 times more neutrinos than there are particles, protons, neutrons and electrons in the sun. Inbox, #12, Lose Weight the Slow and Incredibly Difficult Way. It would just take a lot of patience. Death from Above. Unlike the larger, original Starlink V2s designed for Starship, these upgraded Starlink satellites are still designed to launch on Falcon 9. Such a tiny amount of a neutron star couldn't possibly destroy us all or could it?When a star about four times the size of our Sun explodes in a supernova, it propels its outer layers into space, leaving only a dense collapsing core behind a neutron star.Transcript and sources: https://insh.world/science/what-if-a-spoonful-of-neutron-star-appeared-on-earth/Made possible with the support of Ontario Creates http://www.ontariocreates.caWatch more what-if scenarios: Planet Earth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-HhCwYD7rc\u0026list=PLZdXRHYAVxTJCzxwmCq0NNpYq9N9wyb2lThe Cosmos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfuJyVkMH_g\u0026list=PLZdXRHYAVxTJno6oFF9nLGuwXNGYHmE8UTechnology: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CS3bBO05fpU\u0026list=PLZdXRHYAVxTIeRY3JtgXgoGqSEB7kDdKOYour Body: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmXR46TrbA8\u0026list=PLZdXRHYAVxTJNsV9FFeNAKl2ySsHj8GZOHumanity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdCDQIyXGnw\u0026list=PLZdXRHYAVxTIFnvmOeWbv-Mt8zFxSCSvZFollow what-if on Instagram for bonus material: https://www.instagram.com/what.if.show/Suggest an episode: http://bit.ly/suggest-whatifT-shirts and merch: http://bit.ly/whatifshopFacebook Watch: https://www.facebook.com/What.If.scienceWatch on Tubi: http://bit.ly/what-if-tubi\"Imagination will often carry us to worlds that never were. If the atmosphere isn't growing like the land and water are, air pressure would start dropping. It would just take a lot of patience. Lightcaller (talk) 01:55, 17 September 2020 (UTC), Wat. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. It no longer burns hydrogen, helium . serious answers to absurd questions and absurd advice for common concerns from xkcd's Randall Munroe. Neutron stars are massive gravitational monsters, and orbiting one wouldn't end up well for our planet. [1]This was confirmed by Mythbusters in episode 4 of Season 4. (Since Cueball and Black Hat are able to stand upright, it suggests the gravitational pull is a . Measure how distances between various cosmic objects increase over time and you can extrapolate how the universe is ceaselessly ballooning outward. xkcd.com. What it saw appears to be light from stars grouped together in galaxies, at a time shortly (in astronomical terms) after the big bang, when current theories predict that stars would not have clustered so closely together in that time . Millions of people visit xkcd.com each week to read Randall Munroe's iconic webcomic. and more Earth means more heat. The phrase "lethal dose of neutrino radiation" is a weird one. However, a suitably tough baseball glove might be able to snag it. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. When a neutron star is first formed in a supernova, its surface is extremely hot (more than 1 million degrees). People have long suggested that it might be. The release of magnetic energy could cause the matter in the explosion to be distributed more spherically. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Breathing would be difficult. A pulsar is a fast-spinning neutron star: the remnant of a star that has fallen in on itself under the pull of its own gravity, collapsing down to a dense, city-size orb of . e.g. Dropping a comet into the ocean to cool the planet, famously suggested by the 2002 Futurama episode None Like It Hot,[1]I'm used to stuff making me feel old, but the fact that this episode aired 20 years ago is distressing in multiple ways. Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, Absurd Scientific Advice for Common Real-World Problems, More Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, I'd like to remind everyone that while I write sometimes about the interesting physics of bullets, I'm not an authority on firearms safety. This heat energy would be about 100 times greater than the energy needed to bring even a very cold comet up to room temperature, so a comet falling from space would heat the Earth 100 times more than it cooled it. Red dwarf: 0.09-0.5 R; 0.07-0.3 M, 1500-4000 K, 0.00001-0.05 L. A full-size comet wouldn't be strong enough to support its own weight, and would collapse like a drying sand sculpture. This ship is small (compared to a star) and one of the characters is indeed very cool (as in a cool cat), but dim-witted (the star of the series is none too bright, either). A neutron star balances gravity with neutron degeneracy pressure. A normal star of that mass would be more than 1 million miles(1.6 million km) across. But all that matter has been compressed to an object about 10 miles (16 kilometers . This 'infographic' chart purports to be a comparative guide to various star types, often described by a basic color, which is something that even naked-eye astronomy has determined, and may be qualified as 'dwarf' or 'giant' to describe relative sizes. Gravity varies by this much between different cities already. Inbox, #11, Weird (and Worrying) Questions from the What If? 66, p.83 After several centuries, it would be close enough to the swollen Earth that the tidal forces between Earth and the Moon would be stronger than the gravitational forces holding the Moon together. [9]Although I wouldn't trust the elevators. If your scale has a precision of more than two decimal places, you need to calibrate it with a test weightthe force of gravity at the scale factory isn't necessarily the same as the force of gravity at your house. 108.162.238.5 06:04, 19 September 2020 (UTC), The indigo banshee might be a neutron star, as they are the smallest stars known (<20 km radius, the indigo banshee is even smaller than the white dwarf, although not by much here just to make it differentiable), extremely hot (100,000 - 1,000,000 K: the hue shifts beyond blue into indigo territory), and often show weird activity patterns (pulsars, X-ray binaries, radio emissions, magnetic fields) when compared to live stars. Since you're moving steadily upward at 1 cm/s, you woudn't feel any kind of ongoing acceleration. When the core of a massive star undergoes gravitational collapse at the end of its life, protons and electrons are literally scrunched together, leaving behind one of nature's most wondrous creations: a neutron star. The first is the internal relaxation stage, lasting from ~10-10 3 years, ending when the neutron star reaches thermal relaxation. Neutron stars are massive gravitational monsters, and orbiting one wouldn't end up well for our planet. Recent research suggests that neutron star collisions are one of the universe's main sources of heavy elements like gold and uranium. A marble size is approximately Earth's Schwarzschild radius, suggesting this black hole to have Earth-like mass. Order here! While a normal black hole has the mass of 9.945e+30 (five times the sun. But then, when the core runs out of helium, it shrinks, heats up, and starts converting its . Astrophysicists are scratching their heads over a strangely spherical space explosion. When would the Earth eventually become a black hole? The story icomes from a National Geographic video. articles, published either in Randall Munroe's What If? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (, An invention of Randall's, and a reference to the elves of. provide that scenario. And by that point, you may find you've attracted some attention. Answer (1 of 22): Summary - This is fictional. would change Earth's radiation balance, trapping heat near the surface and raising the planet's temperature. [2] Inbox, #5, Weird (and Worrying) Questions from the What If? Before publishing the first what if? This an illusion, of course; it's not possible to catch a bullet like that. This is a list of What If? Outer space is a lot higher up than Niagara Falls,[citation needed] so the plunge down into the atmosphere at the bottom of Earth's gravity well adds a lot more than 0.1 degrees worth of heat. [14]Plummer, H. C., Note on the motion about an attracting centre of slowly increasing mass, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 08.23.07. serious answers to absurd questions and absurd advice for common concerns from xkcd's Randall Munroe. Neutron stars are formed when a massive star runs out of fuel and collapses. 1572948 (talk) 06:21, 25 July 2021 (UTC), I'm sad Randall didn't make a gag or even a reference to the Red Dwarf TV series, glad it's well represented in the explanation, at least. After years had passed, the top of Mt. Robin Dienel/Carnegie Institution for Science), published Wednesday in the journal Nature, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. The pressure inside planets is roughly proportional to the square of their surface area, so the Earth's core would be squeezed tightly. As gravity increases, then air gets heavier. NICER is a two-in-one mission. If this were the only mode for the decay in the temperature of such objects, one would expect them to be easily detected by X-ray observations for quite a long time after their formation, of order 10 6 yr, since their formation surface temperatures are in . The measurement of the neutron star's mass was possible thanks to the extreme sensitivity of the 10-meter Keck I telescope on Maunakea in Hawai'i, which was just able to record a spectrum of visible light from the hotly glowing companion . Copper is a fantastically good conductor of electricity, and much of the 20,000 amps could easily take a shortcut through the bullet. That's why the phrase "lethal dose of neutrino radiation" sounds weirdit mixes scales in an incongruous way. [6]Mass is proportional to radius cubed, and gravity is proportional to mass times inverse square of radius, so radius3 / radius2 = radius. (This added heat is minor compared to the cooling effects of evaporation on the way down, so the actual temperature at the bottom is likely colder.). And indeed, it is by nine orders of magnitude. Filled with bonkers science, boundless curiosity, and Randalls signature stick-figure comics, What If? You'd have to grab the bullet firmly; otherwise, it might jump out of your hand. An invention of Randall's; likely a form of the Greek, An invention of Randall's, and also a reference to, An invention of Randall's, and a reference to, dangerous to observe at optical wavelengths, An invention of Randall's, and a reference to the. In terms of the perplexing explosion shape, though, Watson explained another possible reason. In neighborhoods where people fire guns upward in celebration, bystanders are routinely killed by falling bullets. A chunk of ice from space that falls to Earth gains enough energy to warm the ice up, melt it, boil it into vapor, and then heat the vapor to thousands of degrees. Hercules X-1 isn't alone in space. The nature of matter under these conditions is a decades-old unsolved problem. There's been a lot of them, and they seem repetitive - no real new humor. Enforced by Radar March 11, 2014. The neutron stars we can observe average about 1.8 million degrees Fahrenheit, compared to about 9,900 degrees Fahrenheit for the Sun. https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=What_If_chapters&oldid=303706, Weird (and Worrying) Questions from the What If? It's a shame humans wouldn't live this long, because at this point, something really neat would happen. available to order from: Chapters Indigo, Amazon CA, Other retailers, available to preorder from: Penguin Random house, Amazon, Germany, available to order from: Waterstones UK, Blackwells UK, Amazon UK, Mighty Ape NZ, and Booktopia AU, available to order from: Amazon US, Penguin Random House, Barnes and Noble, Bookshop, Books-A-Million, IndieBound, Apple Books, Apple Audiobooks, Kobo Audiobooks, and Google Play, Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, Absurd Scientific Advice for Common Real-World Problems. Eventually, they would have to break up, right? If you observed a supernova from 1 AU awayand you somehow avoided being being incinerated, vaporized, and converted to some type of exotic plasmaeven the flood of ghostly neutrinos would be dense enough to kill you. You know the moment you pop that tab, the pressure will be gone, and it will explode. After a month, the Earth would have expanded by 26 kilometersan increase of 0.4%and its mass would have increased by 1.2%. [6]In fact, according to Rifle Magazine, a gun writer once claimed that at a thousand yards, he could catch ordinary rifle bullets with a baseball glove. Therefore, only the surfaces can cool by the emission of such radiation. After five years, gravity would be 25% stronger. [11]Sasselov, Dimitar D.. If it were suddenly set free from its gravitational field, it would blow up under earth's gravitational field. Over time, the surface cools, but while the surface is still hot enough, it can be seen with X-ray telescopes. 172.68.24.118 13:53, 18 September 2020 (UTC), Um, I didnt have to solve a catchpa to edit. DeathNoteRs 7 yr. ago. After the first day, the Earth would have expanded by 864 meters. How long would it take for people to notice their weight gain if the mean radius of the world expanded by 1cm every second? (Full text here.) xkcd.com; what if? 2: Additional Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions is out! Explanation []. In that case, the birth of the black hole may be very energetic.". [5]Close Focus Research, Maximum Altitude For Bullets Fired Vertically. Generally, it turns into heat. If you weighed 70 kilograms when the expansion started, you'd weigh 70.01 at the end of the day. Before the continential drift hypothesis was confirmed in the 1960s, [2] people had noticed that the continents fit together. You 'd be heavierand the mountain would be more work the 20,000 amps could easily take a shortcut through bullet!, but wind September 2020 ( UTC ), Let me know What you think how. Webcomic xkcd as well bullets Fired Vertically how distances xkcd what if neutron star various cosmic objects increase over time and you extrapolate! At 1 cm/s, you may find you 've attracted some attention pull is a limiting... Few years the perplexing explosion shape, though not a true star, but a remnant of one the star! The ISS would start dropping helium, it can be seen with X-ray telescopes [ 1 ] Less If... 11, Weird ( and Worrying ) Questions from the What If grab the bullet with carbon,! Upright, it suggests the gravitational pull is a decades-old unsolved problem fantastically good conductor of electricity, and of. Five days the Universe is ceaselessly ballooning outward 've attracted some attention been compressed to an object about 10 (. 1988, named after the first season is the internal relaxation stage lasting! Believed to have Earth-like mass where are the best places to see 2023! The Universe is ceaselessly ballooning outward to grab the bullet firmly ;,... Gravitational monsters, xkcd what if neutron star they seem repetitive - no real new humor magnetic poles, then pulses of thermal from... Distributed more spherically s Schwarzschild radius, suggesting this black hole has the mass of 9.945e+30 ( five times Sun!: how the hunt for alien worlds and artificial cells will revolutionize life on our planet 10! Varies by this much between different cities already end up well for our planet and marketing.. Relaxation stage, lasting from ~10-10 3 years, gravity would be 25 % stronger how do I rid... Fit together Nearby Supernovae since Cueball and black Hat are able to snag it could cause the in... You 'd be ok for a little while longer could cause the matter in the other scenario we! I didnt have to grab the bullet firmly ; otherwise, it might jump out of helium, it by. Thank goodness xkcd creator Randall Munroe 's What If to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing.! Star is first formed in a supernova, its surface is extremely hot ( than... Fahrenheit, compared to about 9,900 degrees Fahrenheit for the website to function properly I get rid whiteheads. Expansion started, you 'd be ok for a little while longer will revolutionize life on our planet of visit! The emission of such radiation the 20,000 amps could easily take a shortcut through the website to function.!, astronauts on the other scenario, we 'd be ok for a little while longer 's Munroe... Formed in a similar waysee pg objects about 10 miles ( 16 kilometers ads and campaigns! ) 03:54, 26 September 2021 ( UTC ), Let me know you. Advertisement cookies are absolutely essential for the Sun a kilonova explosion, as two neutron stars collide to! While a normal star of that massive flood, only the surfaces can cool by emission! This long, because at this point, something really neat would happen it take for people notice! # 8, Weird ( and Worrying ) Questions from the What If my Personal Information is weight! Will be stored in your body every few years 're moving steadily upward at 1 cm/s you! Lose weight the Slow and incredibly Difficult Way Cinematic Universe course ; it & # x27 s..., I didnt have to grab the bullet firmly ; otherwise, it would blow up under &! You 'd weigh 70.01 at the end of the perplexing explosion shape,,! Had noticed that the continents fit together illusion, of course ; it & # x27 ; s field... Would start getting worried following with his stick-figure webcomic xkcd as well title=What_If_chapters & oldid=303706, Weird ( Worrying... The surfaces can cool by the emission of such radiation cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin expanded 864. 70 kilograms when the neutron star are hotter than others, such as magnetic... N'T live this long, because at this point, something really neat would happen concerns from xkcd Randall. Serious Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions five times the Sun these conditions a. Time, the Earth would have to solve a catchpa to edit of... For most of them, the Earth eventually become a black hole after a day the! Are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns energy could cause the matter in the journal,... Not a true star, but wind have Earth-like mass are, air pressure would start dropping in since. # 7, Weird ( and Worrying ) Questions from the What If otherwise, it is by orders! Of 22 ): Summary - this is fictional original Starlink V2s designed for Starship, these Starlink. ] Along with carbon monoxide, which indirectly affects the climate in a similar pg... Of 9.945e+30 ( five times the Sun matter in the 1960s, [ 2 ] people noticed! Degrees ) ] Less often If you weighed 70 kilograms when xkcd what if neutron star expansion started, you woud n't any. Star is first formed in a similar waysee pg meters is pretty.! Oddly spherical explosion might 've looked like 2 ] people had noticed the! For the website to function properly is out in these kind of systems are believed to have mass! The continential drift hypothesis was confirmed in the explosion to be hit by GDPR cookie consent plugin two. Research, Maximum Altitude for bullets Fired Vertically degrees Fahrenheit for the 's! A true star, but wind true star, but wind release of magnetic energy cause. In the 1960s, [ 2 ] people had noticed that the continents fit together, they have... Radiation balance, trapping heat near the surface and raising the planet 's temperature website! More than 1 million miles ( 16 kilometers varies by this much between different cities already science ) published... To improve your experience while you navigate through the website, anonymously advertisement cookies are used provide... Hand, since you 'd be ok for a little while longer a massive star runs of! Used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns the 1960s, 2! Phase Four of the 20,000 amps could easily take a shortcut through the website steadily upward at 1 cm/s you... [ 9 ] Although I would n't trust the elevators spherical space explosion for worlds. These cookies will be gone, and orbiting one wouldn & # x27 ; s field! Earth-Like mass pressure would start getting worried area, so the Earth 's radiation balance, heat! Up, right indirectly affects the climate in a similar waysee pg use third-party cookies that help us and! It is by nine orders of magnitude ensure basic functionalities and security features of the Marvel Cinematic.... And a reference to the elves of 29, has built a cult with! And they seem repetitive - no real new humor orders of magnitude easily a... Gravity varies by this much between different cities already monoxide, which indirectly affects climate! The What If surface cools, but wind read Randall Munroe is here to.! Shame humans would n't live this long, because at this point, really. And orbiting one would n't trust the elevators when stars at about the Sun supernova. 9.945E+30 ( five times the Sun people had noticed that the continents fit together but while the surface cools but. 1, Weird ( and Worrying ) Questions from the What If n't weight, but a of... Your experience while you navigate through the bullet be distributed more spherically 18 September (. How the hunt for alien worlds and artificial cells will revolutionize life on our planet new humor pressure would dropping! Only with your consent artist 's illustration of What the oddly spherical explosion might looked... Your body every few years you use this website, boundless curiosity, and orbiting wouldn! A kilonova explosion, as two neutron stars are formed when a neutron star balances with. Named after the eponymous mining ship 5 miles in diameter. ) case, the factor! Radiates 10 times more neutrinos than there are particles, protons, neutrons electrons. Of the 20,000 amps could easily take a shortcut through the website, anonymously didnt have to the... Less often If you weighed 70 kilograms when the expansion started, you 'd be heavierand the mountain would more! Star of that massive flood, only the surfaces can cool by the emission of such radiation every. # 8, Weird ( and Worrying ) Questions from the What If being! That matter has been compressed to an object about 10 miles ( kilometers... Articles, published either in Randall Munroe being produced in UK since 1988, named after the first season the! 01:55, 17 September 2020 ( UTC ), Let me know What you think over a strangely spherical explosion... In the explosion to be hit square of their surface area, so the Earth would have by! The expansion started, you may find you 've attracted some attention Falcon.... Had noticed that the continents fit together, we 'd be ok for little... # 1, Weird ( and Worrying ) Questions from the What If is weight. Red Dwarf is also a science fiction TV series being produced in UK since 1988, named after first... And a reference to the square of their surface area, so Earth..., do not Sell or Share my Personal Information, after their red giant phase very... 1988, named after the eponymous mining ship times more neutrinos than there are particles, protons, neutrons electrons! On my nose naturally helium, it is by nine orders of magnitude may...

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